Links to recent studies on the link between tobacco use and periodontal disease and to Web sites on the dangers and cessation of smoking....

More Information on Tobacco Use and Periodontal Disease

Latest information related to the link between tobacco use and periodontal disease

News Releases on Smoking and Periodontal Disease

The American Academy of Periodontology issues press releases and video news releases on the latest information related to the link between tobacco use and periodontal disease.

Smoking Can Harm the Long-Term Effects of Some Oral Surgery Procedures
Study found that smokers had less desirable long-term results following periodontal plastic surgery than non-smokers.

Secondhand Smoke Proves to Be No 'Joke' on Oral Health
Secondhand smoke may be associated with bone loss in subjects with periodontitis.

Smoking Can Cause Dental Implants to Fail
People who smoke are at a greater risk of infection following implant surgery, and may heal more slowly.

Smokers May Want to Kick Butt Before Dental Procedures
Swedish researchers may have found why tobacco smoking impairs the outcome of surgical and non-surgical periodontal therapy.

Cigar and Pipe Smoking Are as Dangerous as Cigarettes to Periodontal Health
According to a study published in the Journal of Periodontology, cigar and pipe smoking may have nearly the same adverse effects on periodontal health and tooth loss as cigarette smoking.

Study Points to Smoking as Major Cause of Gum Disease
Smoking may be responsible for more than half of the cases of periodontal disease among adults in this country.

Study Shows Yet Another Reason Why Quitters Are Winners
Video News Release reports on a study showing that current smokers are about four times more likely than people who have never smoked to have advanced periodontal disease. However, 11 years after quitting, former smokers' likelihood of having periodontal disease was not significantly different from those who had never smoked.

Smokers Have Lower Success Rates with Periodontal Treatment
Not only are smokers more likely to develop periodontal disease, they are also more susceptible to treatment failure.

Periodontists Encourage Patients To Quit Smoking Habit
Not only does smoking threaten oral health, but most periodontists in an AAP Member Survey said their patients who smoke have less attractive smiles.

Journal of Periodontology Articles

Access abstracts of recent studies published in the Journal of Periodontology
that point to smoking as one of the most significant risk factors in the development, progression, and successful treatment of periodontal disease. Below are some of the most revealing studies.

The Association of Smoking With Vertical Periodontal Bone Loss
This study suggests that smoking is associated with increased levels of prevalence as well as severity of vertical bone loss. (J Periodontol 2004;75:844-851.)

Cigarette Smoking and the Periodontal Patient
An overview of recent cross-sectional and case-control studies in various populations demonstrating that adult smokers are approximately three times as likely as non-smokers to have periodontitis. (J Periodontol 2004;75:196-209.)

The Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Gingival Bleeding
This study a large representative sample of the United States population (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III) found that smoking exerts a strong, chronic, and dosedependent suppressive effect on gingival bleeding on probing. (J Periodontol 2004;75:16-22.)

Cigarette Smoking, Periodontal Disease, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
These results suggest that cigarette smoking may be a cofactor in the relationship between periodontal disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (J Periodontol 2004;75:9-15.)

Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Neutrophil Activity Following Periodontal Surgery
This study helps to explain why tobacco smoking has considerable negative effects on the outcome of periodontal treatment. (J Periodontol 2003;74:1475-1482)

The Role of Cigarette Smoking in the Association Between Periodontal Disease and Coronary Heart Disease
Results of this study suggests that cigarette smoking is a necessary cofactor in the relationship between periodontal disease and coronary heart disease, and the increase in risk appears to be age dependent. (J Periodontol 2002;73:988-994)

Prevalence and Severity of Periodontal Disease at Mandibular Molar Teeth in Smokers With Regular Oral Hygiene Habits
This study suggests that smoking appears to be a major environmental factor associated with accelerated periodontal destruction in adult smokers with generally high oral hygiene standards and regular dental care habits. (J Periodontol 2002;73:602-607)

Effects of Smoking and Treatment Status on Periodontal Bacteria
Smoking extends a favorable habitat for bacteria and in this way can promote early development of periodontal lesions. (J Periodontol 2001; 72:1210-1220)

Cigar, Pipe, and Cigarette Smoking as Risk Factors for Periodontal Disease and Tooth Loss
The results of this study suggest that cigar and pipe smoking may have similar adverse effects on periodontal health and tooth loss as cigarette smoking. (J Periodontol 2000;71:1874-1881)

A 10-Year Prospective Study of Tobacco Smoking and Periodontal Health
The results of this study suggest that periodontal health is compromised by chronic smoking as evidenced by an increase of periodontally diseased sites concomitant with loss of periodontal bone height, as compared to non-smokers whose periodontal health condition remained unaltered. (J Periodontol 2000;71:1338-1347.)

Smoking-Attributable Periodontitis in the United States: Findings From NHANES III
This study concludes that smoking is a major risk factor for periodontitis and may be responsible for more than half of periodontitis cases among adults in the United States. A large proportion of adult periodontitis may be preventable through prevention and cessation of cigarette smoking. (J Periodontol 2000;71:743-751)

Smoking Influences Decision Making in Periodontal Therapy: A Retrospective Clinical Study
This study addresses the question of whether non-surgical periodontal therapy is equally successful in smokers and non-smokers. (J Periodontol 1999;70:1166-1173)

Effects of Tobacco Products on the Attachment and Growth of Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts
This study found that tobacco products inhibit attachment and growth of human PDL fibroblasts, which may partly explain the role of these substances in the progression of periodontitis. (J Periodontol 1999;70:518-525)

Smoking and Patterns of Bone Loss in Early-Onset Periodontitis
The aims of this study were to investigate the extent and distribution of bone loss in subjects with early-onset periodontitis (EOP) referred for periodontal care and to study the relationship between smoking and EOP. (J Periodontol 1999;70:394-401)

Prognosis Versus Actual Outcome. IV. The Effectiveness of Clinical Parameters and IL- 1 Genotype in Accurately Predicting Prognoses and Tooth Survival
In this study, patients who smoked heavily demonstrated a much worse tooth survival rate when compared to non-smokers. (J Periodontol 1999;70:49-56)

Web Sites to Help Smokers Kick the Habit

The American Academy of Periodontology urges all smokers to quit smoking to improve their health. Quitting takes commitment, and it's usually easier if you have help. To begin a tobacco-cessation program, talk to your physician or a periodontist. They may be able to offer help. In addition, the Web sites listed below may provide some good strategies for quitting, so you can begin enjoying a healthier lifestyle and a more beautiful smile.

American Cancer Society
This site provides tips on quitting, local chapter information, a quit smoking contract and much more. (www.cancer.org)

American Lung Association
This site provides an endless source of lung-related information. It offers an alphabetical list of diseases, statistics, publications, research, medical news, survey results and smoking cessation information. (www.lungusa.org)

Arizona Smokers Helpline
Information on a wide variety of topics, such as how to keep kids from starting to smoke, what's happening in smoking legislation, and why secondhand smoke is dangerous. (www.ashline.org)

CDC's TIPS - Tobacco Information and Prevention Source
Up-to-date news and research reports, magazine articles, tips for quitting, educational materials, and publications from the U.S. government's Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/osh/tobacco.htm)

National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information
Choose "tobacco" from the "Drugs of Abuse" menu to get an extensive list of tobacco-related resources provided by an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (www.health.org)

QuitNet
A Web site dedicated to helping smokers kick their nicotine addiction – provided by Join Together, a program of the Boston University School of Public Health. (www.quitnet.com)

Smoking Cessation Leadership Center
The overall goals of the Smoking Cessation Leadership Center are to increase the number of smokers who try to quit, make these quit attempts more successful, create smoking cessation advocates among health professional leaderships, and expand and stabilize national quitline capability. (smokingcessationleadership.ucsf.edu)

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