BIOMECHANICS OF IMPLANTS

Abu-Hammad, O., Khraisat, A., Dar-Odeh, N., Jagger, D. C. & Hämmerle, C. H. F. The staggered installation of dental implants and its effect on bone stresses. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2007;9: 121–127.

Appleton, R. S., Nummikoski, P. V., Pigno, M. A., Cronin, R. J. & Chung, K.-H. A radiographic assessment of progressive loading on bone around single osseointegrated implants in the posterior maxilla. Clin Oral Implants Res 2005;16: 161–167.

Canullo, L., Fedele, G. R., Iannello, G. & Jepsen, S. Platform switching and marginal bone-level alterations: the results of a randomized-controlled trial. Clin Oral Implants Res 2010; 21: 115–121

Cappiello, M. et al. Evaluation of peri-implant bone loss around platform-switched implants. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2008;28: 347–355.

Duyck, J. et al. Magnitude and distribution of occlusal forces on oral implants supporting fixed prostheses: an in vivo study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2000; 11:465–475.

Eser, A., Akça, K., Eckert, S. & Cehreli, M. C. Nonlinear finite element analysis versus ex vivo strain gauge measurements on immediately loaded implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2009;24: 439–446.

Goodacre, C. J., Bernal, G., Rungcharassaeng, K. & Kan, J. Y. K. Clinical complications with implants and implant prostheses. J Prosthet Dent 2003; 90: 121–132.

Hudieb, M. I., Wakabayashi, N. & Kasugai, S. Magnitude and direction of mechanical stress at the osseointegrated interface of the microthread implant. J Periodontol 2011; 82: 1061–1070.

Hürzeler, M., Fickl, S., Zuhr, O. & Wachtel, H. C. Peri-implant bone level around implants with platform-switched abutments: preliminary data from a prospective study. J.Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2007; 65: 33–39.

Isidor, F. Influence of forces on peri-implant bone. Clin Oral Implants Res 17 Suppl 2, 8–18 (2006).

Kim, Y., Oh, T. J., Misch, C. E. & Wang, H. L. Occlusal considerations in implant therapy: clinical guidelines with biomechanical rationale. Clin Oral Implants Res 2005; 16: 26–35.

Lee, D.-W., Choi, Y.-S., Park, K.-H., Kim, C.-S. & Moon, I.-S. Effect of microthread on the maintenance of marginal bone level: a 3-year prospective study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2007;18: 465–470.

Romeo, E., Tomasi, C., Finini, I., Casentini, P. & Lops, D. Implant-supported fixed cantilever prosthesis in partially edentulous jaws: a cohort prospective study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2009;20: 1278–1285.

Rungsiyakull, C., Rungsiyakull, P., Li, Q., Li, W. & Swain, M. Effects of occlusal inclination and loading on mandibular bone remodeling: a finite element study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2011;26: 527–537.

Schrotenboer J, Tsao YP, Kinariwala V, Wang HL. Effect of Microthreads and Platform Switching on Crestal Bone Stress Levels: A Finite Element Analysis. J. Periodontol. 2008;79:2166-2172.

Semper, W., Heberer, S. & Nelson, K. Retrospective analysis of bar-retained dentures with cantilever extension: marginal bone level changes around dental implants over time. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2010;25: 385–393.

Tabata, L. F., Rocha, E. P., Barão, V. A. R. & Assunção, W. G. Platform switching: biomechanical evaluation using three-dimensional finite element analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2011; 26: 482–491.

BIOLOGIC WIDTH AND IMPLANTS

Abrahamsson, I., Berglundh, T., Wennstrom, J. and Lindhe, J. The peri-implant hard and soft tissues at different implant systems. A comparative study in the dog. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1996; 7: 212-9.

Abrahamsson, I., Berglundh, T., Moon, I.S. and Lindhe, J. Peri-implant tissues at submerged and non-submerged titanium implants. J Clin Periodontol. 1999;26: 600-7.

Abrahamsson, I., Berglundh, T. and Lindhe, J. The mucosal barrier following abutment dis/reconnection. An experimental study in dogs. J Clin Periodontol. 1997; 24: 568-72.

Albrektsson, T., Zarb, G., Worthington, P. and Eriksson, A.R. The long-term efficacy of currently used dental implants: a review and proposed criteria of success. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1986;1: 11-25.

Arvidson, K., Fartash, B., Hilliges, M. and Kondell, P.A. .Histological characteristics of peri-implant mucosa around Branemark and single-crystal sapphire implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1996;7: 1-10.

Bakaeen, L., Quinlan, P., Schoolfield, J., Lang, N. P., & Cochran, D. L. . The biologic width around titanium implants: Histometric analysis of the implantogingival junction around immediately and early loaded implants. The International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry, 2009;29(3): 297-305.

Berglundh, T., Lindhe, J., Ericsson, I., Marinello, C.P., Liljenberg, B. and Thomsen, P. The soft tissue barrier at implants and teeth. Clin Oral Implants Res.1991;2: 81-90.

Berglundh, T. and Lindhe, J. Dimension of the periimplant mucosa. Biological width revisited. J Clin Periodontol. 1996; 23: 971-3.

Cochran, D.L., Hermann, J.S., Schenk, R.K., Higginbottom, F.L. and Buser, D. Biologic width around titanium implants. A histometric analysis of the implanto-gingival junction around unloaded and loaded nonsubmerged implants in the canine mandible. J Periodontol. 1997; 68: 186-98.

Ericsson, I., Nilner, K., Klinge, B. and Glantz, P.O.. Radiographical and histological characteristics of submerged and nonsubmerged titanium implants. An experimental study in the Labrador dog. Clin Oral Implants Res.1996;7: 20-6.

Gargiulo, A.W., Wentz, F.M. and Orlan, B. Dimensions and Relations of the Dentogingival Junction in Humans. J Periodontol 1961;32: 261-267.

Glauser, R., Schupbach, P., Gottlow, J. and Hammerle, C.H.. Periimplant soft tissue barrier at experimental one-piece mini-implants with different surface topography in humans: A light-microscopic overview and histometric analysis. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2005; 7 Suppl 1: S44-51.

Glauser, R., Zembic, A. and Hammerle, C.H. . A systematic review of marginal soft tissue at implants subjected to immediate loading or immediate restoration. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2006; 17 Suppl 2: 82-92.

Hermann, J. S., Buser, D., Schenk, R. K., Higginbottom, F. L., & Cochran, D. L.. Biologic width around titanium implants. A physiologically formed and stable dimension over time. Clinical Oral Implants Research 2000; 11(1): 1-11.

Ikeda, H. et al. Ultrastructural and immunoelectron microscopic studies of the peri-implant epithelium-implant (Ti-6Al-4V) interface of rat maxilla. J Periodontol . 2000;71: 961-73.

Linkevicius, T. and Apse, P. Biologic width around implants. An evidence-based review. Stomatologija 2008;10: 27-35.

Moon, I.S., Berglundh, T., Abrahamsson, I., Linder, E. and Lindhe, J. The barrier between the keratinized mucosa and the dental implant. An experimental study in the dog. J Clin Periodontol. 1999; 26: 658-63.

Shioya, K., Sawada, T., Miake, Y., Inoue, S. and Yanagisawa, T. Ultrastructural study of tissues surrounding replanted teeth and dental implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2009;20: 299-305.

Sicher, H. Changing concepts of the supporting dental structures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1959:12: 31-5.

Todescan, F.F., Pustiglioni, F.E., Imbronito, A.V., Albrektsson, T. and Gioso, M. Influence of the microgap in the peri-implant hard and soft tissues: a histomorphometric study in dogs. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants (2002);17, 467-72.

Bone Quality and Implants

Aksoy, U., Eratalay, K., & Tözüm, T. F. (2009). The possible association among bone density values, resonance frequency measurements,tactile sense, and histomorphometric evaluations of dental implant osteotomy sites: A preliminary study. Implant Dentistry, 18(4), 316-325.

Al Haffar, I., Padilla, F., Nefussi, R., Kolta, S., Foucart, J. -., & Laugier, P. (2006). Experimental evaluation of bone quality measuring speed of sound in cadaver mandibles. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontology, 102(6), 782-791.

Alsaadi, G., Quirynen, M., Michiels, K., Jacobs, R., & Van Steenberghe, D. (2007). A biomechanical assessment of the relation between the oral implant stability at insertion and subjective bone quality assessment. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 34(4), 359-366.

Amorim, M. A. L., Takayama, L., Jorgetti, V., & Pereira, R. M. R. (2006). Comparative study of axial and femoral bone mineral density and parameters of mandibular bone quality in patients receiving dental implants. Osteoporosis International, 17(10), 1494-1500.

Åstrand, P., Billström, C., Feldmann, H., Fischer, K., Henricsson, V., Johansson, B., et al. (2003). Tapered implants in jaws with soft bone quality: A clinical and radiographic 1-year study of the brånemark system® mark IV fixture. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 5(4), 213-218.

Attard, N. J., & Zarb, G. A. (2002). A study of dental implants in medically treated hypothyroid patients. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 4(4), 220-231.

Becker, W., Hujoel, P. P., Becker, B. E., & Willingham, H. (2000). Osteoporosis and implant failure: An exploratory case-control study. Journal of Periodontology, 71(4), 625-631.

Becker, W., Sennerby, L., Bedrossian, E., Becker, B. E., & Lucchini, J. P. (2005). Implant stability measurements for implants placed at the time of extraction: A cohort, prospective clinical trial. Journal of Periodontology, 76(3), 391-397.

Blomqvist, J. E., Alberius, P., Isaksson, S., Linde, A., & Obrant, K. (1998). Importance of bone graft quality for implant integration after maxillary sinus reconstruction. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics, 86(3), 268-274.

Carvalho, M. D., Benatti, B. B., César-Neto, J. B., Nociti Jr., F. H., da Rocha Nogueira Filho, G., Casati, M. Z., et al. (2006). Effect of cigarette smoke inhalation and estrogen deficiency on bone healing around titanium implants: A histometric study in rats. Journal of Periodontology, 77(4), 599-605.

César-Neto, J. B., Benatti, B. B., Sallum, E. A., & Nociti Jr., F. H. (2005). Bone density around titanium implants may benefit from smoking cessation: A histologic study in rats. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 20(5), 713-719.

Chong, L., Khocht, A., Suzuki, J. B., & Gaughan, J. (2009). Effect of implant design on initial stability of tapered implants. The Journal of Oral Implantology, 35(3), 130-135.

Das Neves, F. D., Fones, D., Bernardes, S. R., Do Prado, C. J., & Neto, A. J. F. (2006). Short implants – an analysis of longitudinal studies. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 21(1), 86-93.

de Oliveira, R. C. G., Leles, C. R., Normanha, L. M., Lindh, C., & Ribeiro-Rotta, R. F. (2008). Assessments of trabecular bone density at implant sites on CT images. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontology, 105(2), 231-238.

Degidi, M., Daprile, G., & Piattelli, A. (2009). RFA values of implants placed in sinus grafted and nongrafted sites after 6 and 12 months. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 11(3), 178-182.

Degidi, M., Perrotti, V., Strocchi, R., Piattelli, A., & Iezzi, G. (2009). Is insertion torque correlated to bone-implant contact percentage in the early healing period? A histological and histomorphometrical evaluation of 17 human-retrieved dental implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 20(8), 778-781.

Fischer, K., Bäckström, M., & Sennerby, L. (2009). Immediate and early loading of oxidized tapered implants in the partially edentulous maxilla: A 1-year prospective clinical, radiographic, and resonance frequency analysis study. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 11(2), 69-80.

Friberg, B., Sennerby, L., Gröndahl, K., Bergström, C., Bäck, T., & Lekholm, U. (1999). On cutting torque measurements during implant placement: A 3-year clinical prospective study. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 1(2), 75-83.

Holmes, D. C., & Loftus, J. T. (1997). Influence of bone quality on stress distribution for endosseous implants. The Journal of Oral Implantology, 23(3), 104-111.

Homolka, P., Beer, A., Birkfellner, W., Gahleitner, A., Nowotny, R., & Bergmann, H. (2001). Local calibrated bone mineral density in the mandible presented using a color coding scheme. Medical Engineering and Physics, 23(9), 673-677.

Huang, H. -., Lee, S. -., Yeh, C. -., & Lin, C. -. (2002). Resonance frequency assessment of dental implant stability with various bone qualities: A numerical approach. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 13(1), 65-74.

Huang, Y. -., Xiropaidis, A. V., Sorensen, R. G., Albandar, J. M., Hall, J., & Wikesjö, U. M. E. (2005). Bone formation at titanium porous oxide (TiUnite™) oral implants in type IV bone. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 16(1), 105-111.

Iezzi, G., Degidi, M., Scarano, A., Perrotti, V., & Piattelli, A. (2005). Bone response to submerged, unloaded implants inserted in poor bone sites: A histological and histomorphometrical study of 8 titanium implants retrieved from man. The Journal of Oral Implantology., 31(5), 225-233.

Ikumi, N., & Tsutsumi, S. (2005). Assessment of correlation between computerized tomography values of the bone and cutting torque values at implant placement: A clinical study. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 20(2), 253-260.

Johansson, B., Bäck, T., & Hirsch, J. -. (2004). Cutting torque measurements in conjunction with implant placement in grafted and nongrafted maxillas as an objective evaluation of bone density: A possible method for identifying early implant failures? Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 6(1), 9-15.

Kline, R., Hoar, J. E., Beck, G. H., Hazen, R., Resnik, R. R., & Crawford, E. A. (2002). A prospective multicenter clinical investigation of a bone quality-based dental implant system. Implant Dentistry, 11(3), 224-234.

Lachmann, S., Jäger, B., Axmann, D., Gomez-Roman, G., Groten, M., & Weber, H. (2006). Resonance frequency analysis and damping capacity assessment – part 1: An in vitro study on measurement reliability and a method of comparison in the determination of primary dental implant stability. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 17(1), 75-79.

Lee, S., Gantes, B., Riggs, M., & Crigger, M. (2007). Bone density assessments of dental implant sites: 3. bone quality evaluation during osteotomy and implant placement. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 22(2), 208-212.

Li, T., Kong, L., Wang, Y., Hu, K., Song, L., Liu, B., et al. (2009). Selection of optimal dental implant diameter and length in type IV bone: A three-dimensional finite element analysis. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 38(10), 1077-1083.

Lin, C. -., Wang, J. -., Ramp, L. C., & Liu, P. -. (2008). Biomechanical response of implant systems placed in the maxillary posterior region under various conditions of angulation, bone density, and loading. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 23(1), 57-64.

Lindh, C., Nilsson, M., Klinge, B., & Petersson, A. (1996). Quantitative computed tomography of trabecular bone in the mandible. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, 25(3), 146-150.

Meijndert, L., Raghoebar, G. M., Schüpbach, P., Meijer, H. J. A., & Vissink, A. (2005). Bone quality at the implant site after reconstruction of a local defect of the maxillary anterior ridge with chin bone or deproteinised cancellous bovine bone. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 34(8), 877-884.

Meredith, N. (1998). Assessment of implant stability as a prognostic determinant. International Journal of Prosthodontics, 11(5), 491-501.

Misch, C. E., Dietsh-Misch, F., Hoar, J., Beck, G., Hazen, R., & Misch, C. M. (1999). A bone quality-based implant system: First year of prosthetic loading. The Journal of Oral Implantology, 25(3), 185-197.

Misch, C. E., Hoar, J., Beck, G., Hazen, R., & Misch, C. M. (1998). A bone quality-based implant system: A preliminary report of stage I & stage II. Implant Dentistry, 7(1), 35-42.

Morris, H. E., Ochi, S., Crum, P., Orenstein, I., & Plezia, R. (2003). Bone density: Its influence on implant stability after uncovering. The Journal of Oral Implantology, 29(6), 263-269.

Norton, M. R., & Gamble, C. (2001). Bone classification: An objective scale of bone density using the computerized tomography scan. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 12(1), 79-84.

Östman, P. -., Hellman, M., Wendelhag, I., & Sennerby, L. (2006). Resonance frequency analysis measurements of implants at placement surgery. International Journal of Prosthodontics, 19(1), 77-83.

Ottoni, J. M. P., Oliveira, Z. F. L., Mansini, R., & Cabral, A. M. (2005). Correlation between placement torque and survival of single-tooth implants. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 20(5), 769-776.

Rasmussen, J. M., & Hopfensperger, M. L. (2008). Placement and restoration of dental implants in a patient with Paget’s disease in remission: Literature review and clinical report. Journal of Prosthodontics, 17(1), 35-40.

Salonen, M. A. M. (1997). Factors related to periotest values in endosseal implants: A 9-year follow-up. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 24(4), 272-277.

Shapurian, T., Damoulis, P. D., Reiser, G. M., Griffin, T. J., & Rand, W. M. (2006). Quantitative evaluation of bone density using the Hounsfield index. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 21(2), 290-297.

Slagter, K. W., Raghoebar, G. M., & Vissink, A. (2008). Osteoporosis and edentulous jaws. International Journal of Prosthodontics, 21(1), 19-26.

Song, Y. -., Jun, S. -., & Kwon, J. -. (2009). Correlation between bone quality evaluated by cone-beam computerized tomography and implant primary stability. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 24(1), 59-64.

Strietzel, F. P., Nowak, M., Küchler, I., & Friedmann, A. (2002). Peri-implant alveolar bone loss with respect to bone quality after use of the osteotome technique: Results of a retrospective study. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 13(5), 508-513.

Todisco, M., & Trisi, P. (2005). Bone mineral density and bone histomorphometry are statistically related. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 20(6), 898-904.

Truhlar, R. S., Morris, H. F., & Ochi, S. (2000). Implant surface coating and bone quality-related survival outcomes through 36 months post-placement of root-form endosseous dental implants. Annals of Periodontology / the American Academy of Periodontology, 5(1), 109-118.

Turkyilmaz, I., Aksoy, U., & McGlumphy, E. A. (2008). Two alternative surgical techniques for enhancing primary implant stability in the posterior maxilla: A clinical study including bone density, insertion torque, and resonance frequency analysis data. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 10(4), 231-237.

Turkyilmaz, I., Ozan, O., Yilmaz, B., & Ersoy, A. E. (2008). Determination of bone quality of 372 implant recipient sites using Hounsfield unit from computerized tomography: A clinical study. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 10(4), 238-244.

Turkyilmaz, I., Sennerby, L., McGlumphy, E. A., & Tözüm, T. F. (2009). Biomechanical aspects of primary implant stability: A human cadaver study. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 11(2), 113-119.

Turkyilmaz, I., Tözüm, T. F., & Tumer, C. (2007). Bone density assessments of oral implant sites using computerized tomography. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 34(4), 267-272.

Turkyilmaz, I., Tözüm, T. F., Tumer, C., & Ozbek, E. N. (2006). Assessment of correlation between computerized tomography values of the bone, and maximum torque and resonance frequency values at dental implant placement. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 33(12), 881-888.

Turkyilmaz, I., Tumer, C., Ozbek, E. N., & Tözüm, T. F. (2007). Relations between the bone density values from computerized tomography, and implant stability parameters: A clinical study of 230 regular platform implants. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 34(8), 716-722.

Wang, K., Li, D. H., Guo, J. F., Liu, B. L., & Shi, S. Q. (2009). Effects of buccal bi-cortical anchorages on primary stability of dental implants: A numerical approach of natural frequency analysis. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 36(4), 284-291.

Weng, D., Hoffmeyer, M., Hürzeler, M. B., & Richter, E. -. (2003). Osseotite® vs. machined surface in poor bone quality: A study in dogs. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 14(6), 703-708.

Wilmes, B., & Drescher, D. (2009). Impact of insertion depth and predrilling diameter on primary stability of orthodontic mini-implants. Angle Orthodontist, 79(4), 609-614.

Bone to Implant Contact

Abrahamsson, I., & Cardaropoli, G. (2007). Peri-implant hard and soft tissue integration to dental implants made of titanium and gold. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 18(3), 269-274.

Anitua, E., Ardanza, B., Paponneau, A., Nurden, A. T., Nurden, P., & Andia, I. (2001). Clots from platelet-rich plasma promotes bone regeneration in so doing reducing the time needed for dental implants and favoring their osteointegration. Blood, 98(11 PART I)

Antonio Sanz, R., Oyarzün, A., Farias, D., & Diaz, I. (2001). Experimental study of bone response to a new surface treatment of endosseous titanium implants. Implant Dentistry, 10(2), 126-131.

Artzi, Z., Tal, H., & Dayan, D. (2001). Porous bovine bone mineral in healing of human extraction sockets: 2. histochemical observations at 9 months. Journal of Periodontology, 72(2), 152-159.

Att, W., Hori, N., Takeuchi, M., Ouyang, J., Yang, Y., Anpo, M., et al. (2009). Time-dependent degradation of titanium osteoconductivity: An implication of biological aging of implant materials. Biomaterials, 30(29), 5352-5363.

Att, W., Tsukimura, N., Suzuki, T., & Ogawa, T. (2007). Effect of supramicron roughness characteristics produced by 1- and 2-step acid etching on the osseointegration capability of titanium. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 22(5), 719-728.

Baggi, L., Cappelloni, I., Di Girolamo, M., Maceri, F., & Vairo, G. (2008). The influence of implant diameter and length on stress distribution of osseointegrated implants related to crestal bone geometry: A three-dimensional finite element analysis. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 100(6), 422-431.

Becelli, R., Morello, R., Renzi, G., & Dominici, C. (2007). Treatment of oligodontia with endo-osseous fixtures: Experience in eight consecutive patients at the end of dental growth. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 18(6), 1327-1330.

Block, M. S., Finger, I., & Lytle, R. (2002). Human mineralized bone in extraction sites before implant placement: Preliminary results. Journal of the American Dental Association, 133(12), 1631-1638.

Block, M. S., Mercante, D. E., Lirette, D., Mohamed, W., Ryser, M., & Castellon, P. (2009). Prospective evaluation of immediate and delayed provisional single tooth restorations. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 67(11 Suppl), 89-107.

Bornstein, M. M., Chappuis, V., Von Arx, T., & Buser, D. (2008). Performance of dental implants after staged sinus floor elevation procedures: 5-year results of a prospective study in partially edentulous patients. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 19(10), 1034-1043.

Bornstein, M. M., Harnisch, H., Lussi, A., & Buser, D. (2007). Clinical performance of wide-body implants with a sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) surface: Results of a 3-year follow-up study in a referral clinic. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 22(4), 631-638.

Bornstein, M. M., Hart, C. N., Halbritter, S. A., Morton, D., & Buser, D. (2009). Early loading of nonsubmerged titanium implants with a chemically modified sand-blasted and acid-etched surface: 6-month results of a prospective case series study in the posterior mandible focusing on peri-implant crestal bone changes and implant stability quotient (ISQ) values. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 11(4), 338-347.

Bornstein, M. M., Schmid, B., Belser, U. C., Lussi, A., & Buser, D. (2005). Early loading of non-submerged titanium implants with a sandblasted and acid-etched surface: 5-year results of a prospective study in partially edentulous patients. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 16(6), 631-638.

Bozkaya, D., Muftu, S., & Muftu, A. (2004). Evaluation of load transfer characteristics of five different implants in compact bone at different load levels by finite elements analysis. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 92(6), 523-530.

Buser, D., Halbritter, S., Hart, C., Bornstein, M. M., Grütter, L., Chappuis, V., et al. (2009). Early implant placement with simultaneous guided bone regeneration following single-tooth extraction in the esthetic zone: 12-month results of a prospective study with 20 consecutive patients. Journal of Periodontology, 80(1), 152-162.

Chacon, G. E., Stine, E. A., Larsen, P. E., Beck, F. M., & McGlumphy, E. A. (2006). Effect of alendronate on endosseous implant integration: An in vivo study in rabbits. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 64(7), 1005-1009.

Cornelini, R., Cangini, F., Covani, U., Barone, A., & Buser, D. (2006). Immediate loading of implants with 3-unit fixed partial dentures: A 12-month clinical study. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 21(6), 914-918.

Cricchio, G., Palma, V. C., Faria, P. E. P., De Oliveira, J. A., Lundgren, S., Sennerby, L., et al. (2009). Histological findings following the use of a space-making device for bone reformation and implant integration in the maxillary sinus of primates. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 11(SUPPL. 1)

Davarpanah, M., & Szmukler-Moncler, S. (2009). Unconventional implant treatment: I. implant placement in contact with ankylosed root fragments. A series of five case reports: Case report. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 20(8), 851-856.

Davies, J. E. (1998). Mechanisms of endosseous integration. International Journal of Prosthodontics, 11(5), 391-401.

De Maeztu, M. A., Alava, J. I., & Gay-Escoda, C. (2003). Ion implantation: Surface treatment for improving the bone integration of titanium and Ti6Al4V dental implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 14(1), 57-62.

Dettin, M., Conconi, M. T., Gambaretto, R., Bagno, A., Di Bello, C., Menti, A. M., et al. (2005). Effect of synthetic peptides on osteoblast adhesion. Biomaterials, 26(22), 4507-4515.

Ding, X., Zhu, X. -., Liao, S. -., Zhang, X. -., & Chen, H. (2009). Implant-bone interface stress distribution in immediately loaded implants of different diameters: A three-dimensional finite element analysis. Journal of Prosthodontics, 18(5), 393-402.

Dörtbudak, O., Haas, R., & Mailath-Pokorny, G. (2002). Effect of low-power laser irradiation on bony implant sites. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 13(3), 288-292.

Ellingsen, J. E., Johansson, C. B., Wennerberg, A., & Holmén, A. (2004). Improved retention and bone-to-implant contact with fluoride-modified titanium implants. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 19(5), 659-666.

Farzad, P., Andersson, L., Gunnarsson, S., & Sharma, P. (2004). Implant stability, tissue conditions, and patient self-evaluation after treatment with osseointegrated implants in the posterior mandible. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 6(1), 24-32.

Froum, S. J., Simon, H., Cho, S. -., Elian, N., Rohrer, M. D., & Tarnow, D. P. (2005). Histologic evaluation of bone-implant contact of immediately loaded transitional implants after 6 to 27 months. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 20(1), 54-60.

Garcia, R. V., Kraehenmann, M. A., Bezerra, F. J. B., Mendes, C. M. C., & Rapp, G. E. (2008). Clinical analysis of the soft tissue integration of non-submerged (ITI) and submerged (3i) implants: A prospective-controlled cohort study. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 19(10), 991-996.

Grassi, S., Piattelli, A., Ferrari, D. S., Figueiredo, L. C., Feres, M., Iezzi, G., et al. (2007). Histologic evaluation of human bone integration on machined and sandblasted acid-etched titanium surfaces in type IV bone. The Journal of Oral Implantology, 33(1), 8-12.

Guarnieri, R., Grassi, R., Ripari, M., & Pecora, G. (2006). Maxillary sinus augmentation using granular calcium sulfate (surgiplaster sinus): Radiographic and histologic study at 2 years. International Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry, 26(1), 79-85.

Iezzi, G., Scarano, A., Mangano, C., Cirotti, B., & Piattelli, A. (2008). Histologic results from a human implant retrieved due to fracture 5 years after insertion in a sinus augmented with anorganic bovine bone. Journal of Periodontology, 79(1), 192-198.

Ivanoff, C. -., Hallgren, C., Widmark, G., Sennerby, L., & Wennerberg, A. (2001). Histologic evaluation of the bone integration of TiO2 blasted and turned titanium microimplants in humans. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 12(2), 128-134.

Jeong, S. -., Choi, B. -., Li, J., & Xuan, F. (2008). The effect of thick mucosa on peri-implant tissues: An experimental study in dogs. Journal of Periodontology, 79(11), 2151-2155.

Johnsson, A. A., Sawaii, T., Jacobsson, M., Granström, G., & Turesson, I. (2000). A histomorphometric and biomechanical study of the effect of delayed titanium implant placement in irradiated rabbit bone. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 2(1), 42-49.

Khang, W., Feldman, S., Hawley, C. E., & Gunsolley, J. (2001). A multi-center study comparing dual acid-etched and machined-surfaced implants in various bone qualities. Journal of Periodontology, 72(10), 1384-1390.

Klokkevold, P. R., Johnson, P., Dadgostari, S., Caputo, A., Davies, J. E., & Nishimura, R. D. (2001). Early endosseous integration enhanced by dual acid etching of titanium: A torque removal study in the rabbit. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 12(4), 350-357.

Kronström, M., Svensson, B., Erickson, E., Houston, L., Braham, P., & Persson, G. R. (2000). Humoral immunity host factors in subjects with failing or successful titanium dental implants. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 27(12), 875-882.

Lima, L. A., Fuchs-Wehrle, A. M., Lang, N. P., Hämmerle, C. H. F., Liberti, E., Pompeu, E., et al. (2003). Surface characteristics of implants influence their bone integration after simultaneous placement of implant and GBR membrane. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 14(6), 669-679.

Masuda, T., Yliheikkilä, P. K., Felton, D. A., & Cooper, L. F. (1998). Generalizations regarding the process and phenomenon of osseointegration. part I. in vivo studies. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 13(1), 17-29.

Mau, J., Behneke, A., Behneke, N., Fritzemeier, C. U., Gomez-Roman, G., D’Hoedt, B., et al. (2002). Randomized multicenter comparison of two coatings of intramobile cylinder implants in 313 partially edentulous mandibles followed up for 5 years. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 13(5), 477-487.

Mijiritsky, E., Mardinger, O., Mazor, Z., & Chaushu, G. (2009). Immediate provisionalization of single-tooth implants in fresh-extraction sites at the maxillary esthetic zone: Up to 6 years of follow-up. Implant Dentistry, 18(4), 326-333.

Munisamy, S., Vaidyanathan, T. K., & Vaidyanathan, J. (2008). A bone-like precoating strategy for implants: Collagen immobilization and mineralization on pure titanium implant surface. The Journal of Oral Implantology, 34(2), 67-75.

Natali, A. N., Meroi, E. A., Williams, K. R., & Calabrese, L. (1997). Investigation of the integration process of dental implants by means of a numerical analysis of dynamic response. Dental Materials : Official Publication of the Academy of Dental Materials, 13(5), 325-332.

Norton, M. R., & Wilson, J. (2002). Dental implants placed in extraction sites implanted with bioactive glass: Human histology and clinical outcome. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 17(2), 249-257.

Ogawa, T., Sukotjo, C., & Nishimura, I. (2002). Modulated bone matrix-related gene expression is associated with differences in interfacial strength of different implant surface roughness. Journal of Prosthodontics, 11(4), 241-247.

Ormianer, Z., & Palti, A. (2006). Long-term clinical evaluation of tapered multi-threaded implants: Results and influences of potential risk factors. The Journal of Oral Implantology, 32(6), 300-307.

Ozawa, S., Ogawa, T., Iida, K., Sukotjo, C., Hasegawa, H., Nishimura, R. D., et al. (2002). Ovariectomy hinders the early stage of bone-implant integration: Histomorphometric, biomechanical, and molecular analyses. Bone, 30(1), 137-143.

Piattelli, A., Degidi, M., Paolantonio, M., Mangano, C., & Scarano, A. (2003). Residual aluminum oxide on the surface of titanium implants has no effect on osseointegration. Biomaterials, 24(22), 4081-4089.

Rachmiel, A., Aizenbud, D., & Peled, M. (2004). Enhancement of bone formation by bone morphogenetic protein-2 during alveolar distraction: An experimental study in sheep. Journal of Periodontology, 75(11), 1524-1531.

Salata, L. A., Burgos, P. M., Rasmusson, L., Novaes, A. B., Papalexiou, V., Dahlin, C., et al. (2007). Osseointegration of oxidized and turned implants in circumferential bone defects with and without adjunctive therapies: An experimental study on BMP-2 and autogenous bone graft in the dog mandible. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 36(1), 62-71.

Salata, L. A., Franke-Stenport, V., & Rasmusson, L. (2002). Recent outcomes and perspectives of the application of bone morphogenetic proteins in implant dentistry. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 4(1), 27-32.

Schimming, R., & Schmelzeisen, R. (2004). Tissue-engineered bone for maxillary sinus augmentation. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 62(6), 724-729.

Schwarz, F., Ferrari, D., Herten, M., Mihatovic, I., Wieland, M., Sager, M., et al. (2007). Effects of surface hydrophilicity and microtopography on early stages of soft and hard tissue integration at non-submerged titanium implants: An immunohistochemical study in dogs. Journal of Periodontology, 78(11), 2171-2184.

Shabahang, S., Bohsali, K., Boyne, P. J., Caplanis, N., Lozada, J., & Torabinejad, M. (2003). Effect of teeth with periradicular lesions on adjacent dental implants. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics, 96(3), 321-326.

Schure

Shibli, J. A., Marcantonio, E., d’Avila, S., Guastaldi, A. C., & Marcantonio Jr., E. (2005). Analysis of failed commercially pure titanium dental implants: A scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectrometer X-ray study. Journal of Periodontology, 76(7), 1092-1099.

Simon, H., & Caputo, A. A. (2002). Removal torque of immediately loaded transitional endosseous implants in human subjects. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 17(6), 839-845.

Sjöström, M., Lundgren, S., & Sennerby, L. (2006). A histomorphometric comparison of the bone graft-titanium interface between interpositional and onlay/inlay bone grafting techniques. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 21(1), 52-62.

Stach, R. M., & Kohles, S. S. (2003). A meta-analysis examining the clinical survivability of machined-surfaced and osseotite implants in poor-quality bone. Implant Dentistry, 12(1), 87-96.

Stenport, V. F., & Johansson, C. B. (2008). Evaluations of bone tissue integration to pure and alloyed titanium implants. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 10(3), 191-199.

Sul, Y. -., Johansson, C., Wennerberg, A., Cho, L. -., Chang, B. -., & Albrektsson, T. (2005). Optimum surface properties of oxidized implants for reinforcement of osseointegration: Surface chemistry, oxide thickness, porosity, roughness, and crystal structure. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 20(3), 349-359.

Triplett, R. G., Nevins, M., Marx, R. E., Spagnoli, D. B., Oates, T. W., Moy, P. K., et al. (2009). Pivotal, randomized, parallel evaluation of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2/Absorbable collagen sponge and autogenous bone graft for maxillary sinus floor augmentation. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 67(9), 1947-1960.

Turkyilmaz, I., Aksoy, U., & McGlumphy, E. A. (2008). Two alternative surgical techniques for enhancing primary implant stability in the posterior maxilla: A clinical study including bone density, insertion torque, and resonance frequency analysis data. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 10(4), 231-237.

Van De Velde, T., Thevissen, E., Persson, G. R., Johansson, C., & De Bruyn, H. (2009). Two-year outcome with Nobel Direct® implants: A retrospective radiographic and microbiologic study in 10 patients. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 11(3), 183-193.

Veis, A. A., Trisi, P., Papadimitriou, S., Tsirlis, A. T., Parissis, N. A., Desiris, A. K., et al. (2004). Osseointegration of osseotite® and machined titanium implants in autogenous bone graft. A histologic and histomorphometric study in dogs. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 15(1), 54-61.

Veltri, M., Balleri, P., & Ferrari, M. (2007). Influence of transducer orientation on osstell™ stability measurements of osseointegrated implants. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 9(1), 60-64.

Vignoletti, F., Johansson, C., Albrektsson, T., De Sanctis, M., San Roman, F., & Sanz, M. (2009). Early healing of implants placed into fresh extraction sockets: An experimental study in the beagle dog. de novo bone formation. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 36(3), 265-277.

Wadamoto, M., Akagawa, Y., Sato, Y., & Kubo, T. (1996). The three-dimensional bone interface of an osseointegrated implant. I: A morphometric evaluation in initial healing. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 76(2), 170-175.

Werner, S., Huck, O., Frisch, B., Vautier, D., Elkaim, R., Voegel, J. -., et al. (2009). The effect of microstructured surfaces and laminin-derived peptide coatings on soft tissue interactions with titanium dental implants. Biomaterials, 30(12), 2291-2301.

Zreiqat, H., Valenzuela, S. M., Nissan, B. B., Roest, R., Knabe, C., Radlanski, R. J., et al. (2005). The effect of surface chemistry modification of titanium alloy on signalling pathways in human osteoblasts. Biomaterials, 26(36), 7579-7586.

IMPLANT RISK FACTORS

Abadzhiev, M., & Balcheva, M. (2009). Diabetes and implant treatment: A case report. Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment, 23(3), 1388-1390.

Abdulwassie, H., & Dhanrajani, P. J. (2002). Diabetes mellitus and dental implants: A clinical study. Implant Dentistry, 11(1), 83-86.

Agerbaek, M. R., Lang, N. P., & Persson, G. R. (2006). Comparisons of bacterial patterns present at implant and tooth sites in subjects on supportive periodontal therapy: I. impact of clinical variables, gender and smoking. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 17(1), 18-24.

Alsaadi, G., Quirynen, M., Komárek, A., & Van Steenberghe, D. (2007). Impact of local and systemic factors on the incidence of oral implant failures, up to abutment connection. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 34(7), 610-617.

Alsaadi, G., Quirynen, M., Komárek, A., & Van Steenberghe, D. (2008). Impact of local and systemic factors on the incidence of late oral implant loss. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 19(7), 670-676.

Alsaadi, G., Quirynen, M., Michiles, K., Teughels, W., Komárek, A., & Van Steenberghe, D. (2008). Impact of local and systemic factors on the incidence of failures up to abutment connection with modified surface oral implants. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 35(1), 51-57.

Amorim, M. A. L. (2008). Bone mineral density and mandibular bone quality in patients receiving dental implants: Reply to Dr. Taguchi. Osteoporosis International, 19(4), 589.

Assael, L. A. (2009). Oral bisphosphonates as a cause of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: Clinical findings, assessment of risks, and preventive strategies. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 67(5 SUPPL.), 35-43.

Ataoglu, H., Alptekin, N. O., Haliloglu, S., Gursel, M., Ataoglu, T., Serpek, B., et al. (2002). Interleukin-Iβ, tumor necrosis factor-α levels and neutrophil elastase activity in peri-implant crevicular fluid: Correlation with clinical parameters and effect of smoking. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 13(5), 470-476.

Ay, S., Gursoy, U. K., Erselcan, T., & Marakoglu, I. (2005). Assessment of mandibular bone mineral density in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, 34(6), 327-331.

Baig, M. R., & Rajan, M. (2007). Effects of smoking on the outcome of implant treatment: A literature review. Indian Journal of Dental Research, 18(4), 190-195.

Bain CA, Weng D, Melter A (2002) A meta-analysis evaluating the risk for implant failure in patients who smoke. Comp. Cont. Ed. Dent. 23:695-699.

Balatsouka, D., Gotfredsen, K., Lindh, C. H., & Berglundh, T. (2005). The impact of nicotine on osseointegration: An experimental study in the femur and tibia of rabbits. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 16(4), 389-395.

Balshe, A. A., Eckert, M. E., Koka, S., Assad, D. A., & Weaver, A. L. (2008). The effects of smoking on the survival of smooth- and rough-surface dental implants. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 23(6), 1117-1122.

Balshi, S. F., Wolfinger, G. J., & Balshi, T. J. (2007). An examination of immediately loaded dental implant stability in the diabetic patient using resonance frequency analysis (RFA). Quintessence International, 38(4), 271-279.

Balshi, T. J., & Wolfinger, G. J. (1999). Dental implants in the diabetic patient: A retrospective study. Implant Dentistry, 8(4), 355-359.

Barasch, A., Safford, M. M., Litaker, M. S., & Gilbert, G. H. (2008). Risk factors for oral postoperative infection in patients with diabetes. Special Care in Dentistry, 28(4), 159-166.

Barasch, A., Safford, M. M., Litaker, M. S., & Gilbert, G. H. (2008). Risk factors for oral postoperative infection in patients with diabetes. Special Care in Dentistry, 28(4), 159-166.

Barker, D., Nohl, F. S., Postlethwaite, K. R., & Smith, D. G. (2008). Case report of multiple implant failure in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. The European Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry, 16(1), 20-23.

Bianchi, A., & Sanfilippo, F. (2002). Osteoporosis: The effect on mandibular bone resorption and therapeutic possibilities by means of implant prostheses. International Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry, 22(3), 231-239.

Bugea, C., Luongo, R., Di Iorio, D., Cocchetto, R., & Celletti, R. (2008). Bone contact around osseointegrated implants: Histologic analysis of a dual-acid-etched surface implant in a diabetic patient. International Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry, 28(2), 145-151.

Carvalho, M. D., Benatti, B. B., César-Neto, J. B., Nociti Jr., F. H., da Rocha Nogueira Filho, G., Casati, M. Z., et al. (2006). Effect of cigarette smoke inhalation and estrogen deficiency on bone healing around titanium implants: A histometric study in rats. Journal of Periodontology, 77(4), 599-605.

Casap, N., Nimri, S., Ziv, E., Sela, J., & Samuni, Y. (2008). Type 2 diabetes has minimal effect on osseointegration of titanium implants in psammomys obesus. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 19(5), 458-464.

César-Neto, J. B., Benatti, B. B., Sallum, E. A., & Nociti Jr., F. H. (2005). Bone density around titanium implants may benefit from smoking cessation: A histologic study in rats. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 20(5), 713-719.

César-Neto, J. B., Benatti, B. B., Sallum, E. A., Sallum, A. W., & Nociti Jr., F. H. (2005). Bone filling around titanium implants may benefit from smoking cessation: A histologic study in rats. Journal of Periodontology, 76(9), 1476-1481.

César-Neto, J. B., Duarte, P. M., Sallum, E. A., Barbieri, D., Moreno Jr., H., & Nociti Jr., F. H. (2003). A comparative study on the effect of nicotine administration and cigarette smoke inhalation on bone healing around titanium implants. Journal of Periodontology, 74(10), 1454-1459.

Chee W. Jivraj S. (2007) Failures in implant dentistry. Br Dent J,. 202(3): p. 123-9.

Cho, P., Schneider, G. B., Kellogg, B., Zaharias, R., & Keller, J. C. (2006). Effect of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporotic-like conditions on osteoblast cell attachment to implant surface microtopographies. Implant Dentistry, 15(4), 377-385.

Cho, P., Schn=eider, G. B., Krizan, K., & Keller, J. C. (2004). Examination of the bone-implant interface in experimentally induced osteoporotic bone. Implant Dentistry, 13(1), 79-87.

Chung, D. M., Oh, T. -., Lee, J., Misch, C. E., & Wang, H. -. (2007). Factors affecting late implant bone loss: A retrospective analysis. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 22(1), 117-126.

Correa, M. G., Gomes Campos, M. L., César-Neto, J. B., Casati, M. Z., Nociti, F. H., & Sallum, E. A. (2009). Histometric evaluation of bone around titanium implants with different surface treatments in rats exposed to cigarette smoke inhalation. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 20(6), 588-593.

DeLuca, S., Habsha, E., & Zarb, G. A. (2006). The effect of smoking on osseointegrated dental implants. part I: Implant survival. International Journal of Prosthodontics, 19(5), 491-498.

DeLuca, S., & Zarb, G. (2006). The effect of smoking on osseointegrated dental implants. part II: Peri-implant bone loss. International Journal of Prosthodontics, 19(6), 560-566.

De Melo, L., Piattelli, A., Lezzi, G., D’Avila, S., Zenóbio, E. G., & Shibli, J. A. (2008). Human histologic evaluation of a six-year-old threaded implant retrieved from a subject with osteoporosis. Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice, 9(3), 099-105.

De Morais, J. A. N. D., Trindade-Suedam, I. K., Pepato, M. T., Marcantonio Jr, E., Wenzel, A., & Scaf, G. (2009). Effect of diabetes mellitus and insulin therapy on bone density around osseointegrated dental implants: A digital subtraction radiography study in rats. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 20(8), 796-801.

Dowell, S., Oates, T. W., & Robinson, M. (2007). Implant success in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus with varying glycemic control: A pilot study. Journal of the American Dental Association, 138(3), 355-361.

Doyle, S. L., Hodges, J. S., Pesun, I. J., Baisden, M. K., & Bowles, W. R. (2007). Factors affecting outcomes for single-tooth implants and endodontic restorations. Journal of Endodontics, 33(4), 399-402.

Du, Z., Chen, J., Yan, F., & Xiao, Y. (2009). Effects of simvastatin on bone healing around titanium implants in osteoporotic rats. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 20(2), 145-150.

Eder, A., & Watzek, G. (1999). Treatment of a patient with severe osteoporosis and chronic polyarthritis with fixed implant-supported prosthesis: A case report. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 14(4), 587-590.

Erdo?an, Ö., Shafer, D. M., Taxel, P., & Freilich, M. A. (2007). A review of the association between osteoporosis and alveolar ridge augmentation. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontology, 104(6)

Farzad, P., Andersson, L., & Nyberg, J. (2002). Dental implant treatment in diabetic patients. Implant Dentistry, 11(3), 262-267.

Ferreira, S. D., Silva, G. L. M., Cortelli, J. R., Costa, J. E., & Costa, F. O. (2006). Prevalence and risk variables for peri-implant disease in brazilian subjects. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 33(12), 929-935.

Fiorellini, J. P., Chen, P. K., Nevins, M., & Nevins, M. L. (2000). A retrospective study of dental implants in diabetic patients. International Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry, 20(4), 367-373.

Fiorellini, J. P., & Nevins, M. L. (2000). Dental implant considerations in the diabetic patient. Periodontology 2000, 23(1), 73-77.

Fiorellini, J. P., Nevins, M. L., Norkin, A., Weber, H. P., & Karimbux, N. Y. (1999). The effect of insulin therapy on osseointegration in a diabetic rat model. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 10(5), 362-368.

Fujimoto, T., Niimi, A., Nakai, H., & Ueda, M. (1996). Osseointegrated implants in a patient with osteoporosis: A case report. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 11(4), 539-542.

Giro, G., Gonçalves, D., Sakakura, C. E., Pereira, R. M. R., Marcantonio Júnior, E., & Orrico, S. R. P. (2008). Influence of estrogen deficiency and its treatment with alendronate and estrogen on bone density around osseointegrated implants: Radiographic study in female rats. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontology, 105(2), 162-167.

Granström, G. (2006). Placement of dental implants in irradiated bone: The case for using hyperbaric oxygen. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 64(5), 812-818.

Gruica, B., Wang, H. -., Lang, N. P., & Buser, D. (2004). Impact of IL-1 genotype and smoking status on the prognosis of osseointegrated implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 15(4), 393-400.

Haas, R., Haimböek, W., Mailath, G., & Watzek, G. (1996). The relationship of smoking on peri-implant tissue: A retrospective study. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 76(6), 592-596.

Hardt CRE, Gröndahl K, Lekholm U, Wennström JL. (2002) Outcome of implant therapy in relation to experienced loss of periodontal bone support: a retrospective 5- year study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 13(5): p. 488-94.

Hasegawa, H., Ozawa, S., Hashimoto, K., Takeichi, T., & Ogawa, T. (2008). Type 2 diabetes impairs implant osseointegration capacity in rats. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 23(2), 237-246.

Heersche, J. N., Bellows, C. G., & Ishida, Y. (1998). The decrease in bone mass associated with aging and menopause. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 79(1), 14-16.

Heitz-Mayfield LJA, Huynh-Ba G. (2009). History of treated periodontitis and smoking as risks for implant therapy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 24 (Suppl):39-69.

Herzberg, R., Dolev, E., & Schwartz-Arad, D. (2006). Implant marginal bone loss in maxillary sinus grafts. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 21(1), 103-110.

Hohlweg-Majert, B., Schmelzeisen, R., Pfeiffer, B. M., & Schneider, E. (2006). Significance of osteoporosis in craniomaxillofacial surgery: A review of the literature. Osteoporosis International, 17(2), 167-179.

Huynh-Ba, G., Friedberg, J. R., Vogiatzi, D., & Ioannidou, E. (2008). Implant failure predictors in the posterior maxilla: A retrospective study of 273 consecutive implants. Journal of Periodontology, 79(12), 2256-2261.

Hwang, D., & Wang, H. -. (2007). Medical contraindications to implant therapy: Part II: Relative contraindications. Implant Dentistry, 16(1), 13-23.

Ikebe, K., Wada, M., Kagawa, R., & Maeda, Y. (2009). Is old age a risk factor for dental implants? Japanese Dental Science Review, 45(1), 59-64.

Javed F, Almas K. (2010) Osseointegration of dental implants in patients undergoing bisphosphonate treatment: a literature review. J Periodontol. 81(4): p. 479-84.

Kan, J. Y., Rungcharassaeng, K., Lozada, J. L., & Goodacre, C. J. (1999). Effects of smoking on implant success in grafted maxillary sinuses. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 82(3), 307-311.

Kapur, K. K., Garrett, N. R., Hamada, M. O., Roumanas, E. D., Freymiller, E., Han, T., et al. (1999). Randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of mandibular implant-supported overdentures and conventional dentures in diabetic patients. part III: Comparisons of patient satisfaction. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 82(4), 416-427.

Kasai, T., Pogrel, M. A., & Hossaini, M. (2009). The prognosis for dental implants placed in patients taking oral bisphosphonates. Journal of the California Dental Association, 37(1), 39-42.

Kasugai, S. (2006). Dental implant treatment to osteoporosis patients. Clinical Calcium., 16(2), 124-129.

Keller, J. C., Stewart, M., Roehm, M., & Schneider, G. B. (2004). Osteoporosis-like bone conditions affect osseointegration of implants. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 19(5), 687-694.

Klokkevold PR, Han TJ. (2007). How do smoking, diabetes, and periodontitis affect outcomes of implant treatment? Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 22 (suppl):173-202.

Kopman, J. A., Kim, D. M., Rahman, S. S., Arandia, J. A., Karimbux, N. Y., & Fiorellini, J. P. (2005). Modulating the effects of diabetes on osseointegration with aminoguanidine and doxycycline. Journal of Periodontology, 76(4), 614-620.

Kumar A, Jaffin RA, Berman C (2002) The effect of smoking on achieving osseointegration of surface-modified implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 17:816-819.

Kwon, P. T., Rahman, S. S., Kim, D. M., Kopman, J. A., Karimbux, N. Y., & Fiorellini, J. P. (2005). Maintenance of osseointegration utilizing insulin therapy in a diabetic rat model. Journal of Periodontology, 76(4), 621-626.

Lindh, C., Nilsson, M., Klinge, B., & Petersson, A. (1996). Quantitative computed tomography of trabecular bone in the mandible. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, 25(3), 146-150.

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Lugero, G. G., De Falco Caparbo, V., Guzzo, M. L., König Jr., B., & Jorgetti, V. (2000). Histomorphometric evaluation of titanium implants in osteoporotic rabbits. Implant Dentistry, 9(4), 303-307.

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Mombelli, A., & Cionca, N. (2006). Systemic diseases affecting osseointegration therapy. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 17(SUPPL. 2), 97-103.

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PERI-IMPLANTITIS/PERI-IMPLANT MUCOCITIS

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